地點：印度 上密院 Dharamsala
時間：2009年10月06日 October 6, 2009
報導：Tashi Paljor
攝影：Tashi Paljor

上午的會議以問題討論開場
The morning began with a question and answer session.

廢棄物管理
Waste Management

上午的主題是廢棄物管理。Dr Anjan Kumar Kalia（為可再生能源諮詢師）在這個主題上作了一場清晰而全面的演講。他首先解釋了廢棄物的分類，並強調，廢棄物可以是問題，但也可以是財富。
The main topic for the morning was waste management. Dr Anjan Kumar Kalia (Him Renewable Energy Consultants) gave a clear and comprehensive presentation on waste management. He first explained the different types of waste and highlighted that although waste could be a problem it was also a wealth.

他接著重點講解了用於廚房廢棄物的蠕蟲有機堆肥法，以及從動物及人的排泄物可生產出的生物沼氣。會議以回答聽眾的問題做為結束。
His then focused on vermi-composting which used kitchen waste, and bio-gas, which is produced from animal and human waste. The session concluded with questions from the audience.

下午的總議題是野生動物保護
The overall theme for the afternoon was Wildlife Protection

自然保護的科學
The Science of Conservation

下午的會議以Dekil Chungyalpa所講解的生物多元性作為開場，並由法王翻譯成藏文。她解釋了生物多元性這個術語如何適用於物種、基因庫、生態系統、與生態過程。
Dekil Chungyalpa began the session and talked about bio-diversity, and Gyalwang Karmapa translated into Tibetan. She explained how the term biodiversity refers to species, gene pool, ecosystem and ecological processes.

人類活動已產生了毀滅性的惡果。科學證據顯示：隨著現代人對地球的全盤佔領，許多物種隨之滅絕。物種滅絕的原因，從前是由於捕獵，但近年來則是由於森林砍伐和棲息地受到毀壞。
Human activity has had a devastating effect. Scientific evidence shows that, as modern human beings spread across the globe, many species became extinct. In the past it was due to hunting, more recently deforestation and destruction of habitat.

生態系統涵蓋了在某個特定環境中的一切——空氣、土壤、溫度、水流、和所有生物。如果生態系統中有一個部分變化了，系統中的一切都會隨之變化。
The ecosystem includes everything within a particular environment – the air, the soil, the temperature, the water flow and all living things. If something changes in the ecosystem, everything changes.

最後，Dekil 闡述了自然資源保護論者，如何致力於拯救生態環境和生物物種。
Finally, Dekil explained how conservationists worked to save ecosystems and species.

野生动物保护和非法交易
Wildlife Protection and the Illegal Wildlife Trade

野生動物保護和非法野生動物交易來自印度野生動物基金會的天津諾桑（Tenzin Norsang），講述了野生動物是如何因盜獵而絕種的。
Tenzin Norsang from the Wildlife Trust of India talked about how wildlife was being destroyed by poaching.

他首先以老虎為例。印度次大陸〈Indian sub-continent〉上的老虎的數量正在急劇下降，原因在於非法野生動物交易。在自然保護區裏，存在為獲取老虎肢體的盜獵行為，被獵捕的老虎肢體被走私運出印度，用於製造藥物和飾品。
He began with tigers. The tiger population on the Indian sub-continent is declining rapidly and the blame lies with the illegal wildlife trade. Tigers are being poached from reserves for tiger parts which are then smuggled out of India to be used in medicine and charms.

藏羚——西藏的一種野生羚羊，因為其下腹的軟毛可製作極昂貴的沙圖什(shahtoos)（羊絨之王）披肩，而被職業獵人捕殺。
The chiru – a wild antelope in Tibet- is being killed by professional hunters for its soft, underbelly fur which is made into very expensive shahtoosh shawls.

印度阿薩姆省的獨角犀牛因其牛角而遭到捕殺。
One-horned rhinos in Assam are being killed for their horns.

天津諾桑說明，印度野生動物保護法對違法之徒將處以罰款或監禁。2006年，在阿穆拉瓦帝（Amaravati）的時輪金剛法會上，法王達賴喇嘛公開譴責了穿戴珍稀物種皮毛的人；在當時這似乎頗有效果，但2009年被捕殺的老虎數量又上升了。
Tenzin Norsang explained that the Indian Wildlife Protection Act threatened fines and imprisonment to those who broke the law. At the 2006 Kalachakra in Amaravati, His Holiness the Dalai Lama had spoken out against people wearing fur from endangered species, and this seems to have helped, but in 2009 the number of tigers killed had risen.

最後，他闡述了野生動物保護的工作比如建立大象保護廊道〈elephant corridors譯註﹕大象季節性遷徙與覓食有其固定的路徑，為保護象群免于車輛的傾壓，而特別規劃出的大象行走廊道〉，及要求大家尊重動物等。
Finally, he described work to protect wildlife such as creating elephant corridors, and asked everyone to respect animals.

未來：毀滅抑或保護？
The Future: Destruction or Protection?

今天最後的一場演講是法王的談話。法王談論到生物多元性的重要性。生物多元性依然存在，並需要保存。法王讀了一些藏文偈頌，以說明在藏族文化中野生動物常被提及並倍受讚揚。
The final presentation was given by the Gyalwang Karmapa who spoke about the importance of biodiversity. Biodiversity still exists and needs to be preserved. He read some Tibetan verses to illustrate how In Tibetan culture wildlife is often referred to and praised.

由於在此次和前次會議中，許多僧人提出了有關老虎的問題﹕「保護這種可怕的食肉動物價值何在？沒有老虎的話世界也許更美好。」因此，法王特別地在此說明老虎在生態系統中的作用。
His Holiness paid particular attention to the role of the tiger in the ecosystem because so many monks had raised questions during this and the previous conference about the value of protecting such a terrible predator! Perhaps the world would be better off without the tiger.

森林需要幾千年時間才能成形，是一個豐富的生態系統。保護森林，便是保護了這個生態系統中的所有生物。虎是叢林之王，保護整個森林。虎也規範自己的行為。當饑餓時，它一次只吃18至20公斤肉。如果它捕殺了一頭水牛，它沒法一次把牛吃掉，而是一次次跑回來慢慢地吃完，所以，它一點都不浪費。通常來說，虎會從獸群中選擇老弱病殘的捕殺；因此它發揮著保持獸群健康的作用。老虎雖然看起來兇猛，但它壽命較短，一般在野外只能生存十年到十五年。另一方面，人類雖然看起來不兇惡，但壽命長而殺生多！虎在10至15公里範圍的森林活動，因此它保護著那個區域的森林。
Forests take thousand of years to form and are a rich ecosystem. Protecting the forests protects all the living beings within the ecosystem. The tiger is king of the jungle and protects the forest. The tiger regulates his behaviour. He eats 18 to 20 kilos of meat at a time, when he is hungry. If he kills a water buffalo, he can’t eat all of it at one sitting, but he will return again and again. He never wastes anything. Usually a tiger chooses his kill carefully from the sick, the old and the weak in the herd. Thus he has a role in maintaining the health of the herd. Though the tiger looks fierce, his life is short, perhaps between ten and fifteen years only in the wild. Humans, on the other hand, aren’t fierce but they live a long life and hunt a lot! The tiger has a range of 10 – 15 kilometres of forest, so he is preserving that area of forest.

許多人認為，老虎殺很多動物，所以不是善類。類似地，在水裏，鯊魚是海洋裏的老虎。由於鯊魚很兇猛，人們認為沒有鯊魚海洋會變得更好，而有意捕殺更多的鯊魚。但是，通過捕食大量魚類，鯊魚維持著海洋生態的平衡。因此，老虎和鯊魚都在其各自的生態系統中發揮著重要的作用。
Many people think the tiger is no good because it kills a lot. Similarly, in water, the shark is the tiger of the seas. Interest in sharks is growing because they are frightening, and people think the ocean would be better off without them. But by eating lots of fish, sharks maintain a balance in the ecosystem. Both tigers and sharks play important roles in their respective ecosystems.

法王接著解釋了食物鏈的運作。植物生長需要土壤，陽光和水。植物被鹿和兔子吃掉，後者被像熊這類的雜食動物，或者是像老虎這類的肉食動物吃掉。老虎死後被兀鷹分食。兀鷹死後腐爛，被蟲子和昆蟲吃掉，營養成分返回土壤，植物因此生長。這個循壞類似於輪迴，善與惡兼有。
Gyalwang Karmapa then explained how the food chain works. Plants need soil, sun, and water to grow. They are eaten by deer and rabbits, who, in turn are eaten by omnivores such as bears or carnivores such as the tiger The tiger dies and is eaten by the vulture. The vulture dies and rots and is eaten by the worms and insects who return the nutrients to the soil, so that the plants can grow. This cycle is like the cycle of samara, with both good and evil.

我們認為人身寶貴，但從生物多元性的觀點而言，所有生態系統中的生命都很寶貴。
We regard our human life as precious, but according to biodiversity, all life in an ecosystem is precious.

有一個佛陀在某一世中曾捨身餵虎的故事。如果老虎不寶貴，佛陀為什麼捨身飼之？那只老虎病餓得奄奄一息，連殺死佛陀的力氣都沒有；因此佛陀割開手臂好讓老虎能喝它的血。對每個生命而言，生存都極為重要，對老虎來說也不例外。這就是為什麼佛陀捨棄生命拯救那隻老虎和它的幼虎們的原因。
There is a story of how the Lord Buddha in a previous life offered his body to a hungry tigress. If tigers are not important, why did Buddha offer himself to the tigress? She was starved and sick and she didn’t even have the energy to kill him, so Buddha cut his arm so that the tigress could drink his blood. Survival is very important to everyone, including tigers, and that’s why Buddha offered his life to save the tigress and her cubs.

在泰國有個地方，僧人和老虎一起生活。起初是一個獵人捕殺了一頭母虎，把幼虎送到寺院。雖然後來那頭幼虎死了，但是由於東南虎數量稀少，僧人們便開始營救其他失去雙親的幼虎。如今寺院裏已有17隻老虎。但現在僧人們想讓這些老虎重新回到其自然棲息地生活。佛法教導說，一切眾生都曾為我們的父母。這些僧人關愛這些如母眾生的老虎，這些老虎才得以存活。
In Thailand there is a place where monks and tigers live together. It began when a hunter killed a mother tiger and gave the cub to the temple. That cub died. Then the monks started rescuing orphaned cubs, because the South Chinese tiger is very rare, and now the monastery has 17 tigers. However, the monks are now trying to reintroduce the tigers into their natural forest habitat. Buddhism teaches that everything has been our mother and father. These monks have shown love to these mother sentient beings and so they have survived.

發現新事物，並從所有事情上獲得利益，是人的本性。在佛法裏，一切眾生都希望離苦得樂。老虎吃肉，但也希望得到快樂。蚯蚓也希望得到快樂。但我們人類卻認為我們自己的快樂最重要。
It is human nature to try to discover new things and to get benefit from everything. In Buddhist teachings, every sentient being wants happiness and wants to avoid suffering. The tiger eats meat but wants happiness. The earthworm also wants happiness, but we humans consider our own happiness to be most important.

法王展示了一幀母虎小心翼翼銜著幼虎行走的照片，以對比老虎通常給人留下的兇惡殺手的單一形象。
His Holiness showed a slide of a tigress carrying her young cub carefully in her mouth, to contrast the image of the tiger only as a fierce killer.

法王接著講述了食物金字塔。老虎是上層的肉食動物，但金字塔下層的破壞，會威脅到金字塔的上層。由於全球暖化，老虎被迫改變了其自然的棲息地。當老虎改變棲息地時，那麼對整個環境也會造成負面的影響。
He then talked about the food pyramid. The tiger was the top predator, but damage lower down the pyramid which threatened the top. Because of global warming the tiger was being forced to change its natural habitat. When the tiger changes its habitat it has a negative effect on the whole environment.

一切生物都是相互關聯，相互依存的，牽一髮而動全身。一切眾生都有生存的權利。
All living things are interconnected and interdependent. What affects one, affects all in some way. All sentient beings have the right to live.

引介最新噶舉生態網站
Introducing the New Kagyu Ecological Website

法王已決定建立一個網站，用以介紹噶舉環保運動、環保工作細節、以及噶舉寺院和尼院的環保進展。此網站現處於最後籌備階段，因此與會人員受邀貢獻他們的意見與想法。
The Gyalwang Karmapa has decided to create a website which will feature the work of the Kagyu environmental protection movement and detail environmental work and development in Kagyu monasteries and nunneries. The website is in the final stages of preparation, so conference members were asked to contribute their ideas and views.